Study Key Drivers Of Organizational Talent Management Management Essay

Study Key Drivers Of Organizational Talent Management Essay Associations perceive that they should have the best ability so as to flourish in the hypercompetitive and all the time progressively complex worldwide economy. Alongside tolerating the need to enlist, train and keep hold of capable individuals, associations are cognizant that they need to oversee ability as a conclusive asset to understand the best encouraging results. Scarcely any, associations these days have a sufficient gracefully of ability. Holes remain alive at the top level, center level and even at the lower rung. Ability is logically increasingly inadequate asset, so it must be figured out how to the fullest impact. Managing ability isn't novel. Five or six decades prior, it was seen as a negligible responsibility best moved to the staff division. Right now ability the executives is considered as a basic hierarchical capacity that is paid attention to so. In The Conference Boards 2007 CEO Challenge study, CEOs rankings of the criticalness of finding Qualified administrativ e ability improved by 10 rate focuses or more when contrasted with the indistinguishable exploration completed only one year sooner . Examination led in 2008 by DDI and the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) set up that 55 percent of official level respondents said their organizations execution was likely or prone to endure sooner rather than later because of insufficient initiative ability. This perspective was rehashed in one-on-one meetings with top administrators, directed as a major aspect of a similar exploration study. All things considered, organizations at present consume more than 33% of their benefits on worker wages and advantages. Your Organization can deliver another item and it is easily imitated. Abatement your costs and rivals will pursue. Pursue a cash turning business sector and somebody is there directly behind you, cautious to avoid committing your starter errors. Be that as it may, impersonating a high-caliber, profoundly drew in HR is basically impracticable. T he capacity to effectively recruit, hold, convey, and connect with ability at all levels-is actually the main genuine serious lead an association appreciates. Ability MANAGEMENT DEFINED There is no absence of definitions for this expression utilized by organization administration the world over. Ability the board is a crucial practice that ensure associations have the amount and nature of HR in position to gather their present and future business needs. The system covers every key aspect of a representatives life cycle: choice, preparing and advancement, progression arranging and execution the executives. Huge parts of an exceedingly effective ability the board procedure include: A clear comprehension of the associations existing and future organization strategies Acknowledgment of the key holes connecting the ability set up and the ability essential to make business achievement. A sound ability the board plan expected to close the ability holes. It should likewise be consolidated with vital and marketable strategies. Exact recruiting and advancement decisions. Relationship of individual and group targets to corporate objectives, and given that unmistakable desires and pointer to control execution. Development of ability to help execution in existing situations just as eagerness for advancement to the following level. A point of convergence on the ability methodology itself, however the basics compulsory for winning Implementation. Business effect and human asset achievement measurement during and after execution. Authoritative Key drivers of Talent Management Workforce patterns Workforce patterns drive ability the executives systems. Issue, for example, a perpetually worldwide and virtual workforce, assorted ages working together, longer futures and an enabled workforce have endlessly changed the work environment. Attributable to segment alterations, the pool of workers is additionally dynamically more variedfrom age, sex and ethnicity to ways of life, movement designs and enlightening standards. Associations are at this point enthralling advantage of these work environment patterns. Ability the executives procedures additionally offer the skeleton for assorted variety and inclusion. Delegate and Gamble, for example, sense that selecting the exact mix of representative is a central piece of ability the executives and it enlists a few of its pioneers as college initiates. Foreseen Skills Shortage In spite of the fact that not all associations, ventures and callings will confront inadequate in capacity, organizations are at this point fighting for skilled worker. For example, there will be sharp ability deficiency in the zones like client care, medicinal services, PC equipment field and so forth. Also, as prominent in the report of Future of the U.S. Work Pool Survey directed by SHRM in 2005, the normal loss of capable representatives in the resulting decade will contrast by association size, fragment and industry. For instance, enormous organizationsas contrasted and little and medium companiesare further frightened about loss of ability from the retirement of the time of increased birth rates age band, and government associations are additionally worried regarding the matter of the loss of skilled ability than privately owned businesses. Estimating Business Impact Ability the board measurements bond human capital venture to monetary execution. Various organizations have begun to contain ability the board in their dashboards or scorecards. For example, HSBC, a financial organization, practices the Balanced Scorecard[TM], alongside ability the board in learning and development. Scorecards present an away from of prospect to authoritative strategic objectives by relating ability the executives to points and evaluation of worker execution. Measures may involve issues like aftereffects of representative study, attrition(e.g., ability pools) and the quantity of impermanent workers. Predominant Source of Value Creation The financial estimation of our organizations reliably relies on the greatness of ability. Truth be told, the Brookings Institution set up that in 1982, 62 percent of a normal companys esteem was ascribed to its physical resources (counting hardware and offices) and just 38 percent to impalpable resources (licenses, protected innovation, brand, and, above all, individuals). By 2003, these rates almost tumbled with 80 percent of significant worth owing to immaterial resources and 20 percent to substantial resources. Changing Employee desires In Todays setting, representative desires are quickly changing .This powers associations to put a prevalent noticeable quality on ability the executives methodologies and practices. Todays Employees are: Increasingly more intrigued in having testing and significant work. More faithful to their calling than to the association. Less helpful to customary structures and authority. Progressively worried about work-life balance. Outfitted to take responsibility for vocations and improvement. Responding to these various difficulties makes it precarious to catch both the hearts and psyches of todays workforce. Connection between better ability and better business execution To an ever increasing extent, firms look to quantify the arrival on their interest in ability. The result is a collection of confirmation that portrays the slam ability has against business execution. To Highlight Just a Few: A recent report from the Hackett Group built up that organizations that find real success at overseeing ability post income that are 15 percent better than peers. For a normal Fortune 500 organization, such an improvement in execution implies a huge number of dollars. An examination from IBM discovered open organizations that are increasingly productive at ability the executives had higher rates of monetary outperformers than gatherings of comparable estimated organizations with less compelling ability the board. End To keep up spectacular business brings about a worldwide economy, organizations will change and rethink their ways to deal with ability the board. Fruitful ability the executives calls for solid participatory authority, authoritative purchase in, representative commitment and work environment scorecards with ability the executives measurements. Firms that ace ability the board will be well prepared for steady long haul development in worker execution for a considerable length of time to come.

Critical Analysis The School of Athens High Renaissance Essay Example For Students

Basic Analysis The School of Athens High Renaissance Essay Cesco. Mark room, The Vatican, Rome: Raphael. By brainier In this work of art, you see around 60 Greek rationalists masterminded in a huge corridor. The savants are conversing with one another, talking about hypotheses or numerical inquiries. It represents thoughtful reasoning and the quest for truth. On the divider you can see compositions and sculptures. He has utilized shape lines with vaults and genuine line tit figures. Characters are organized like entertainers in a worn out engineering setting, Raphael has spoken to separated Greek rationalists, for example, Plato, Aristotle (the focal figures) Socrates and Euclid. Piece has been requested splendidly, unmistakably uncovering his remarkable capacity. The putting of each figure and each gathering consolidate to create immaculate agreement, request and balance, and, despite the fact that somewhere in the range of sixty figures are utilized in the arrangement, there is no swarming. In this way painting is awry. The principle point of convergence of the work of art is on Plato and Aristotle. The work of art has more accentuation on these two savants than the others since they are focused in the structure and they are the main two remaining before lobby entrance with sky encompassing them. Raphael has exhibited tone in this artwork. A case of this is were the light radiating through the windows and making dimness on the roof of the arches. This gives the work of art a three-dimensional impact. Likewise exhibits line and a heavenly attendant of various hues however for the most part essential and optional, coordinating consummately to each figure and item. The topics he is investigating are logical reasoning purchase Greek Philosophers, who are communicating their speculations and convictions to each other. What this work intends to me is, that Raphael had incredible regard for the Greek researchers and rationalists and appreciated there instructing and convictions. The expectation on the craftsman was to communicate social perspectives as it looks as though the researchers are associating to each other and sharing their reasoning. This could likewise go under a cross section translation as they may be communicating their political perspectives. I think the incomparable Greek bloodthirstinesss and Plato have affected this craftsman since he may of shared huge numbers of their convictions and regard their extraordinary insight. I likewise think he is affected by them since they are focused in the piece. I discover this artwork incredibly professional it looks sensible and the craftsman puts effective bit of work, the organization is efficient, craftsman has created flawless agreement and parity. It communicates numerous workmanship procedures, for example, tone, line, chiaroscuro, shade and point of view. This workmanship would have been all around recognized at that point, as the artworks shows incredible scholars and speaks to time of information. This is the thing that the Renaissance was about an energy for information and aptitude. During the Renaissance individuals had an enthusiasm for old style artifact, it based on man, his natural condition and his visual world. The human figure, the scene, the treatment of profound space, and practical portrayal was significant. The work of art shows this.

Why I do too much stuff at MIT

Why I do too much stuff at MIT Near the end of winter break, I was sitting in an uncomfortable pleather chair in my dentists office waiting for a cleaning while reading the latest issue of Blender magazine (Bright Eyes and Rilo Kiley in the top 25 albums of 2007?! Come on, Blender.), when it occurred to me that it would be a really good idea to write a post. My dentist doesnt actually have anything to do with MIT, although I do constantly feel like the two are out to get me. Youll never get my wisdom teeth! Neither of you! Wait, what was I saying? Ah. Yes. Right. I was about to embark on a discussion that may sound all too familiar to regular readers of the blogs, since Laura just wrote a version of it a couple of weeks ago: sometimes, you will hate this place. And when you do, youll really hate it. Trying to get through MIT is hard, and youll often wonder whether or not the struggle is worth it. This is how I felt during the entirety of November and December. Finals week (I hate everything and everyone, including you) was just the point when I reached a less-than-uplifting epiphany: Id spent an entire semester working harder than I had ever thought possible, and my GPA was actually going down. Behold, the ultimate demotivator. I choose to live a full life outside of academics, albeit one filled with too many extracurriculars. Ask anyone; being on the executive board for MedLinks, producing the IAP show for the Musical Theatre Guild, doing a UROP full-time, having a show at WMBR (you can listen to streams of everyones shows! Do it!), picking up photography on the side, blogging here (albeit sucking at it sometimes), and planning to run for president of Senior House is definitely too much stuff at a time. Some people are able to do all of this and still have amazing grades Im pretty sure Mollie survived off the energy from magical unicorns or something (narwhals? Other mythical horned animals?) while she was here. (Hi, Mollie.) I am not one of these people (as Jake 10 just said ten minutes ago, Oh! You do stuff! No wonder your grades suck!), but thats something I can and do accept. If youre wondering why I havent been blogging, this is why. It isnt that I dont have anything to blog about, just a lack of tim e in which I can do so. (I am placing a statement in parentheses here because theres one in or after every other sentence in this paragraph.^_^) As I stated above, I occasionally wonder if doing all of this is really worth it. Heres the important thing, though: Im happy this way. There are a ton of opportunities to take advantage of here; if I didnt do so, Id go absolutely insane. Granted, I still complain about my grades at the end of every term and tell acquaintances from high school lies of omission about how school is going, since saying I have a 4.0 at MIT! and not explaining the 5.0 scale is far easier than listening to people who barely know me prattle on about how I used to be so smart! Perhaps I havent completely adjusted. Or maybe I just have no patience. College is the one time in your life where youll be relatively independent and your primary responsibility will be to learn things, and not just the material in your classes. Why would you ever want to squander that chance? There are tons of people who do so and regret it afterwards. I dont plan on becoming one of them. If that means that my grades are less than stellar, then so be it. And hey, the upside to it all is that it gives me no shortage of things to blog about over IAP.

Literary Devices In Waiting For Godot - 770 Words

It seems that the daily life of Vladimir and Estragon in Waiting for Godot simply consists of trying to pass time while waiting for a stranger named Godot to arrive. There seems to be a lack of major meaning and purpose to their lives, and unfortunately it does contain endless suffering. Samuel Beckett portrays the solution for their problem as making their own choices and taking action in life. However, neither Vladimir nor Estragon are able to comprehend this solution. These characters rarely manage to make a conscious decision; finally when one is made they cannot join a physical action to their choice. For instance, at the end of both acts the two men agree they will leave, but rather take action they do not move. Under these†¦show more content†¦Pozzo and Lucky also have repeated days, even though they do not remember the past events. For them, they end up running into Vladimir and Estragon on both days. Lucky also suffers similarly to how the two main characters suffer in life. The choice of staying with Pozzo makes Lucky’s life unpleasant. Pozzo treats Lucky like a slave, overworks him, and uses vulgar language towards him. One may wonder why Lucky puts up with this treatment and why he does not just quit. According to Pozzo, Lucky’s existence is based upon pleasing Pozzo, which is Lucky’s meaning in life. He also says that if Lucky were to ever be freed it would make Lucky’s life insignificant. Pozzo would go as far as to say, â€Å"old dogs have more dignity† (31.) Most people would not find Lucky’s situation lucky at all. The fact that his name is Lucky and his state of existence is so unlucky is ironic. Beckett uses this irony in a dark, humorous way while also conveying his message that one should let the actions taken in life stem from a conscious choice of one’s own rather than blindly following others. In the play Waiting for Godot, Samuel Beckett uses the literary techniques of repetition and irony to paint a portrait of how the choices made and the actions taken can significantly affect one’s lives. Most of the characters in the play have lives that consist of an endless cycle of anguishShow MoreRelatedThe Significance of Language in Dramatic Productions Essay examples1307 Words   |  6 Pagesstructure, so that it becomes less of an explanatory accompaniment to the action portrayed, and more of a secondary aspect, to be scrutinized and considered in its own right. The term â€Å"Absurd†, when used to describe such works as Waiting for Godot, refers to the originally musical term, ‘discordant’, or ‘out of harmony’. The turning on its head of language, not only of its function and usefulness, but also of its very structure and composition, to a point where it no longerRead MoreViolation Of The Maxims Of Cooperative Principle7912 Words   |  32 Pagesthe Research Project 6) Data, Methodology and Techniques 7) Plan of Thesis I) Chapter – I (Introduction) II) Chapter – II (Theoretical Framework) III) Chapter – III (Analysis of the play Endgame) IV) Chapter – IV (Analysis of the play Waiting for Godot) V) Chapter – V (Analysis of the plays Happy Days ) VI) Chapter –VI (Conclusion and pedagogical implications) 8) Scope And Limitations of the Study 9) Significance of the Study 10) Conclusion CHAPTER - I Introduction: The mainRead MoreAnalysis Of Samuel Beckett s Waiting For Godot 1950 Words   |  8 Pagesplace in Samuel Beckett’s (1906–1989) Waiting for Godot (1948) and Salah Abdel Sabour’s (1931–1981) The Princess Waits (Al-Amira Tantazer) (1969). It is an attempt to compare the two plays with regard to the absurd features of time and place with reference to the aspects of the absurd theatre. The reasons for selecting these two plays in particular are: firstly, both plays share the process of waiting which is directly connected with the time and place of waiting; secondly, Abdel Sabour was influencedRead MoreThe Tragedy of Hamlet by William Shakespeare Essay746 Words   |  3 Pagesweakening religion and morality. Stoppard recontexutalises RG into bewildered innocents, creating meaning for Stoppardian audiences, mirroring man’s subsequent uncertainty and volatility. Stoppard utilises Absurdist theatre, similar to Beckett’s Waiting for Godot that depi cts this disillusioned world â€Å"lacking visible character†, as RG â€Å"exist† under absurd circumstances that recurringly defies logic. Existence becomes trivial through slapstick humour, â€Å"eighty-five heads in a row!† and RG’s falteringRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Harold Pinter s The Room 9709 Words   |  39 Pagesâ€Å"resembling or characteristic of his (Pinter’s) plays. Pinter’s plays are typically characterized by implications of threat and strong feeling produced through colloquial language, apparent triviality, and long pauses†2 (â€Å"Pinteresque†). But just as every literary innovation is reminiscent of certain traits of the age preceding it and at the same time is influenced by the contemporary trend in writing style and theme, Pinter’s plays also have been influenced by Modernism in literature which began in the latterRead MoreHow to Read Lit Like a Prof Notes3608 Words   |  15 Pagesrainbow as a promise of restoration vi. Christ figures (a later chapter): in 20th century, often used ironically vii. The Apocalypse—Four Horseman of the Apocalypse usher in the end of the world. viii. Biblical names often draw a connection between literary character and Biblical charcter. 8. Hanseldee and Greteldum--using fairy tales and kid lit a. Hansel and Gretel: lost children trying to find their way home b. Peter Pan: refusing to grow up, lost boys, a girl-nurturer/ c. Little Red Riding Hood:Read MoreEnglish Literature- an Episode in the Life of an Author5918 Words   |  24 Pagesabandonment of the rational devices and discursive thoughts†. Plays in the absurdist tradition attempts to show the irrational and illogical aspects of life through absurd characters, dialogues and situations. The plays of N.F. Simson, Harold Printer, Edward Albee fall within this category, but the form has been most popular in France because of its ties to existentialism and can be seen in the plays of Jean Genet, Eugene Ionesco and Samuel Bucket. In Bucket’s waiting for ‘Godot’ two tramps waits interminablyRead MoreEssay Prompts4057 Words   |  17 Pagesextent to which it offers any answers. Explain how the author’s treatment of this question affects your understanding of the work as a whole. Avoid mere plot summary. You may select a work from the list below or another novel or play of comparable literary merit. Alias Grace Middlemarch All the King’s Men Moby-Dick Candide Obasan Death of a Salesman Oedipus Rex Doctor Faustus Orlando Don Quixote A portrait ofRead MoreHow to Read Literature Like a Professor Outline Essay3160 Words   |  13 Pagesof children getting lost and far from home. The best parallels, analogies, plot structure, reference, that most readers will know is through children’s literature because writers can’t assume a common body of knowledge. Metonymy is the rhetorical device in which a part is made to stand for the whole. Fairytales being twisted in modern times are certainly ironic. When we read, we want both strange (never read qualities) and familiarity, so as readers we can comprehend the text. Chapter 9

Essay about Schizophrenia in A Beautiful Mind - 912 Words

nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In the film â€Å" A Beautiful Mind† John Nash experiences a few different positive symptoms. The first of these positive symptoms are seen through the hallucinations John has of having a room -mate while at Princeton. This room- mate continues to stay â€Å"in contact† with John through out his adult life and later this room- mate’s niece enters Johns mind as another coinciding hallucination. Nash’s other hallucination is Ed Harris, who plays a government agent that seeks out Nash’s intelligence in the field of code- breaking. This hallucination of Ed Harris is the key factor in Nash’s delusional thinking. He has delusions of being a secret government aide that is helping the U.S. find bombs throughout the country†¦show more content†¦This is just one example, although a loss of feeling is one of the most predominate negative symptoms. Nash’s flat affect is seen through out the film in many instances but that scene that shows him holding the baby shows it in a way that almost anyone can relate to, assuming they are not afflicted by the same condition. The evidence of the cognitive symptoms, as with any disease, is more difficult to see externally in a person suffering from Schizophrenia. John Nash was not a very social person and I believe that this is attributed to the inability of expressing thoughts and feelings caused by the disease. His office in the movie looks somewhat like what I imagined the inside of his mind to look like; cluttered. Pictures on top of articles, on top of more pictures. There were papers hanging from the ceiling and string connecting pictures while forming patterns. One pattern I saw repeated a few times throughout the film was a spider- web image. This to me just shows how everything in his mind seemed as though it was connected in some way. Since neither me nor anyone else in my family is afflicted with this horrible, pain-staking disease, I have no first hand knowledge regarding the issue. It seems to me that a person can not understand this disease without beingShow MoreRelatedA Beautiful Mind (Schizophrenia)1631 Words   |  7 PagesA Beautiful Mind (Schizophrenia) In this essay I will discuss the mental disorder Schizophrenia and the ways in which John Forbes Nash the main character in the movie A Beautiful Mind dealt with it. I will also define the mental disorder; discuss the symptoms, the causes, the treatments, the relationship between violence and individuals who are diagnosed with Schizophrenia, the general public’s reaction towards people with Schizophrenia, and the ways in which people with Schizophrenia canRead MoreSymptoms of Schizophrenia Seen in A Beautiful Mind924 Words   |  4 PagesIn the film A Beautiful Mind John Nash experiences a few different positive symptoms. The first of these positive symptoms are seen through the hallucinations John has of having a room -mate while at Princeton. This room- mate continues to stay in contact with John through out his adult life and later this room- mates niece enters Johns mind as another coinciding hallucination. Nashs other hallucination is Ed Harris, who plays a governm ent agent that seeks out Nashs intelligence in the fieldRead MoreA Beautiful Mind: Schizophrenia Essay examples798 Words   |  4 PagesA Beautiful Mind is an inspiring story about triumph over schizophrenia, among the most devastating and disabling of all mental disorders. A Beautiful Mind succeeds in realistically describing the disturbed thinking, emotion, perception, and behavior that characterizes the disorder, and shows the difficult task of management of and/or recovery from the disorder. The movie communicates the vital importance of the factors that contributed to Nashs recovery and achievement of his amazing potentialRead MoreEssay on A Beautiful Mind: Case Study of Schizophrenia1118 Words   |  5 Pages â€Å"A Beautiful Mind† movie is based on the case study of real life mathematician John Nash who suffered from schizophrenia. The aspects of schizophrenia affected John Nash in many ways. Ethics is defined in the textbook as, â€Å"Are the tools or behaviors th at one employs to achieve a desired outcome. Means can be either good or bad. Ends are those outcomes that one desires to achieve†(Polgar Thomas, 2008). The movies case study, include the sign and symptoms, social effects and treatment of schizophreniaRead MoreSchizophrenia Paranoid Personality Disorder ‚Äà ºa Beautiful Mind‚Äà ¹1034 Words   |  5 PagesRunning head: TWO PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS FROM THE MOVIE â€Å"A BEAUTIFUL MIND†: SCHIZOPHRENIA AND PARANOID PERSONALITY DISORDER Two Psychological Disorders from the Movie â€Å"A Beautiful Mind†: Schizophrenia and Paranoid Personality Disorder Your Name Your School Name, State (Country) â€Å"A Beautiful Mind,† which is based on the novel by Sylvia Nasar, is the story about the mathematic genius called John Nash. He enters Princeton University in the 1940s to start his studies in the fields of calculusRead MoreFilm Analysis : A Beautiful Mind1564 Words   |  7 PagesA Beautiful Mind (Grazer, Howard, Howard, 2001) is a film about the life of John Nash Jr. John Nash was a mathematician studying at Princeton University on a Carnegie Scholarship in 1947. The film portrays Nash’s academic journey, career, and personal life. As an adult, John Nash was diagnosed with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia is classified as an emotional or behavioral low-incidence disorder disorder (Smith Tyler, 2010, p. 234). According to Smith and Tyler, about 1% of the general populationRead MoreA Beautiful Mind1467 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Nicole Calabro Professor Kulpanowski PSY 2013 October 21, 2013 A Beautiful Mind â€Å"A Beautiful Mind† is a sad yet unique, inspiring film. The film was directed by Ron Howard and provided people a whole new perspective on psychological disorders. When people generally hear the words â€Å"mental illness,† the thoughts of crazy, insane, different, abnormal and weird come into place. â€Å"A Beautiful Mind,† based on a true story and a novel by Sylvia Nasar, has proven the standard thoughts to be inaccurateRead MoreA Beautiful Mind1713 Words   |  7 PagesApplied Paper A Beautiful Mind describes schizophrenia and the background on various treatment methods through the life of John Nash, a famous mathematician and creator of game theory. The book describes the early stages Nash’s mental illness as a young adult, the acknowledged impairment and reduction of thinking capacity, the various treatments methods and his eventual recovery. I want to focus on when Nash is a graduate student attending Princeton University in 1947. This moment in his lifeRead MoreA Beautiful Mind By Ron Howard935 Words   |  4 Pagesexamples of artistic mediocrity to hallmarks of cinematic excellence. One such film displaying cinematic excellence is ‘A Beautiful Mind’. The film is a biographical drama film directed by Ron Howard based on the biographical book that was written by Sylvia Nasar. A Beautiful Mind tells the story of Nash Forbes Nash, a brilliant mathematician who suffered from paranoid schizophrenia. At the beginning of the film, Nash commence s his career at Princeton University as a math graduate understudy, well knownRead MoreFilm Review : A Beautiful Mind And Shutter Island996 Words   |  4 PagesIn both A Beautiful Mind and Shutter Island, the psychological disorder depicted is paranoid schizophrenia, but one does a better job of depicting the disorder accurately than the other. In A Beautiful Mind (Howard, 2001), the main character is John Nash, a brilliant mathematician from Princeton University. Nash’s symptoms first appear when he begins attending Princeton. He believes that he has a roommate named Charles Herman, but Herman is a hallucination caused by Nash’s schizophrenia. Later in

Explain how the body obtains energy from fat, carbohydrates and proteins Free Essays

Introduction All living things requires energy to stay warm (mammals in this case) and to carry out other life process i.e. maintenance, growth, movement, daily activities etc. We will write a custom essay sample on Explain how the body obtains energy from fat, carbohydrates and proteins or any similar topic only for you Order Now All of the dietary energy in humans is obtained from the main food sources including carbohydrates, fat and proteins. These major food types are also known as macronutrients and each has its own energy content that provides energy by breaking their chemical bond energy in food molecules. Sugars and fat generate higher energy levels than proteins in non photosynthetic organisms. Fat provide far more energy per gram than carbohydrate or protein for example carbohydrate and protein provides 16.8 KJ/g whereas fat provides 37.8 kJ of energy per gram. Metabolism a set of chemical reaction plays an important role in providing energy that helps an organism to maintain life. Metabolic process is organised in different pathways that leads a chemical reaction to another through the help of enzymes and coenzymes. The breakdown of food molecules leads to a process known as oxidative phosphorylation that occurs in mitochondria. This process is essential for providing Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a primary source of energy for cellular activities. As the metabolic pathway is organised in to different stages, each stage should be explored in details to understand the process. Hence these stages will be explored later in the essay to answer the essay question in full. Nutrients to Energy- Three Main Stages The macronutrients presented in our food are the main source of energy for our body and all three nutrients must be broken down into smaller molecules before the cells can utilize them to produce energy. The breakdown of the larger molecules and oxidisation of those molecules are known as catabolism. The breakdown happens in digestion system where the breakdown is relatively similar for each nutrient. Specialised enzymes, a catalyst, digest specific polymers into monomers, for instant protease are specialised to catabolise proteins into amino acid and glycoside hydrolases turn polysaccharides into monosaccharides and fats are hydrolysed into fatty acids and glycerol by lipase. Oxidation of these molecules occurs once the small subunits are filtered into the cytosol of a cell through an active transport protein. Glycolysis reaction, which happens under anaerobic conditions, is a metabolic pathway that takes placehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycolysis inside all living cells. Glycolysis breaks sugar molecules glucose, a 6 carbon atom, and fructose into two pyruvate molecules, that contains 3 carbon atoms in each molecule. A difference exists during the combustion of carbohydrate molecule that can occur anaerobically while this is not true for the other two macronutrients. The transformation of glucose into pyruvate happens in 10 different stages. Each stage has a different enzyme to catalyse 10 different sugar molecules. In the first 5 stages, called preparatory phase, two molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule are used to provide energy to drive the reaction. At the start of last five stages known as pay off phase 2 NAD+ and GAPDH enzyme turn the NAD+ into a NADH molecule by pulling off a hydrogen molecule from GAPDH, two H+ are also produced at this stage. At the end of the stages two NADH are given and four ATP molecules are given from ADP plus P1. The resulted pyruvate proceeds to mitochondria from cytosol to lose two carbon dioxide molecules and change to two carbon acetyl group that joins with coenzyme A to produce acetyl CoA before it enters the citric acid cycle. Triglycerides, main form of fat, are oxidised in order to break them into smaller units such as fatty acid and glycerol inside the cytoplasm. Fatty acids are activated in cytoplasm before they enter cytosol, a same medium for glucose to citric acid. The activation must be done before the oxidation of fatty acid begins. During the activation, fatty acids change to fatty acyl CoA and ATP turns into AMP. Glycerol is transmitted to the glycolysis while the fatty acids are oxidised through beta-oxidation inside the mitochondria. There are four main enzymes located in mitochondria, therefore a series of four stages occur that convert acyl CoA to acetyl CoA. Two molecules of carbon from an acyl CoA is shortened at each stage to create a molecule of acetyl CoA and a molecule of NADH and FADH2. The resulted acetyl CoA is passed to the citric acid cycle and NADH plus FADH is entered into the electron transport chain. Proteins consist of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen. Although carbohydrates and proteins hold a similar structure but there is still a difference among their structure. Carbohydrates are made out of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen while protein has an addition of nitrogen and sulfur. Nitrogen is responsible for the creation of essential amino acids. There are all together 20 essential amino acids that build all body cells in animals. Body cell metabolise amino acids into fats or glycogen if excessive proteins are consumed in human diet. The breakdown of proteins to amino acids through digestion opens the path to energy metabolism of proteins. If amino acids are used to generate energy it must be done through deamination process where amino acids are broken into their constituent parts. Vitamin B6 associate with its enzyme in transamination cause nitrogen to transfer to a kito acid causing amino acid to lose its nitrogen and amino group. Ammonia is synthesised when amino acid in transformed to L glutamate through transamination process. Ammonia produces urea that travels through the blood to the kidney and excreted in urine. Now that urea is removed from the process the carbon skeleton of amino acids can be used in different ways i.e. for protein synthesis or ATP formation. Carbon skeleton can also be stored, mainly in livers, as glucose by gluconeogenesis. This starts by converting carbon skeleton into acetyl CoA so that the coenzyme can be transmitted to the citric acid cycle where acetyl CoA is oxidised to generate ATP. Gluconeogenesis (a metabolic pathway) aims to form glucose from using non carbohydrate carbon substrate including glycerol, glycogenic amino acid. The resulted glucose can be converted to glucose 6 phosphates from phosphoenolpyruvate. The end product is pyruvate; notice the end product of glucose in glycolysis is same. The process requires energy in order to provide energy during starvation in fasting or extreme exercise. Citric acid cycle (also known as Kerb’s cycle) is a chain of eight reaction taking place in mitochondria. It is true for each macronutrient to go through this chain of cycle and the oxidation on all of the acetyl CoA carbons entered from different nutrients is similar. This is an important stage as most of the energy produced in mitochondria happens after this cycle is completed to produce molecule carrying electrons. The carbon present in acetyl CoA is fully oxidised to a COÂ ­2 molecule during this reaction. Acetyl CoA filters its two carbon molecules to critic acid cycle and a reaction between acetyl and oxaloacetate produce citrate in the first chain of the cycle. Activated carrier molecules are generated from the oxidation of citrate molecules. Every cycle generates 3 NADH molecules, 1 GTP molecule and 1 FADH2 molecule. Two molecules of COÂ ­2 are given off as waste. The NADH and FADH2 molecules carry hydrogen and electrons which then proceeds to an oxidative phosphoryl ation process. The oxidative phosphorylation provides most of the energy in the whole system. The cycle does not require oxygen to carry out the process but the oxidisation of pyruvate requires oxygen. Hence the cycle works under the aerobic condition. The next and final step occurs along an electron transport chain in the mitochondrion inner membrane. The electron transport chain structure in four different proteins consists of five complexes. The high energy electrons from reduced electron carriers, NADH and FADH2, are bombarded to the electron transport chain where the electron moves from an electron donor to a terminal electron acceptor. These electrons are added to the NADH and FADH2 molecules in the citric acid cycle. The electrons from NADH enters complex I where it’s oxidised back to NAD+. Therefore one electron is captured and joins a proton to form a Hydrogen atom and one electron is lost during NADH losses its hydrogen. The electron from the hydrogen carries onto next stage while the proton moves back the inner membrane after the production of FMN to FMNH2. The electron in last complex embeds to the molecules of O2 gas and combines to two H+ to produce water H2O. While the electrons travel through these four complexes and provides enough energy to pump H+ ions (protons) outside the inner membrane. The concentration gradient of H+ is gained due to the movement of these protons. This gradient stores energy that is sufficient for the production of ATP by phosphorylation of ADP. This process is known as oxidative phosphorylation where the electron is in its lowest form of energy therefore all the energy from the food molecules are oxidised to synthesis enormous amount of ATP. There are approximately 30 molecules of ATP gained after the complete oxidation per molecule of glucose or fatty acids or amino acids to H2O and CO2. Complete combustion of proteins also produces NH3 as waste products. Conclusion As the essay reaches its conclusion we can suggest that these macronutrients follow a similar pathway to generate ATP. Although the means of getting to the citric acid cycle for each macronutrient is different i.e. fat must be activated before it enters cytosol whereas protein goes through deamination process, not true for either glucose or fat. Also the function of glucose and protein is quiet different glucose only provide energy to the cells but proteins can participate in protein synthesis to formation of enzymes and carry important materials through the body etc. Molecular Biology of the Cell 4th edition, Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, et al. New York: Garland Science; 2002. How to cite Explain how the body obtains energy from fat, carbohydrates and proteins, Essay examples

Father Time and Life Essay Sample free essay sample

The most influential individual in my life is my male parent. No affair the clip flies. he is still the individual I am familiar with. Although clip will do him acquire older. clip can non destruct his verve. Although he is non the richest individual in the universe. he is the greatest male parent in my life. Although I fell down a batch in my life. he ever influenced me to acquire up. He has influenced me to recognize the good and high instruction which will do me to make the successful life in my hereafter instead than the material life. He besides influenced me to recognize that no affair how hard the life is. everybody has to face and accept the life’s trial and obstructions. In my memories. I was non a smart and independent individual. I ever thought why my household was different from the others’ which were rich. We will write a custom essay sample on Father: Time and Life Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page and why my male parent was different from the others’ who were educated. I didn’t like to remain at place because I was non satisfied with my household and I was non proud of my male parent. I ever complained of my destiny. why God treated me below the belt in the universe. I hated this sort of life because my head was wilful and naive. I had neer thought about my father’s state of affairss and feelings. I had neer thought who raised me. I ever disappointed my male parent a batch because I ever didn’t travel to school. The instructors in my categories ever called my male parent and complained of me. I ever got the bad classs in each category and cut the categories a batch. One twenty-four hours. after my male parent came place from work. he looked so tired and lost tonss of energy. His face showed he was so defeated and disquieted. I found that he looked older and skinnier. He sat down and asked me quietly why I ever didn’t travel to school. But I pretended that I didn’t hear what he said. Actually. he got so angry. but he didn’t cry at me. He merely said â€Å"wonderful life is dependent on our ain custodies. every bit long as we are non afraid to acquire through the life’s trial and obstructions. the success will ever wait for us in forepart of our lives. † I knew the significance of what he said. but I avoided it. I was ever acquiring on my unrealistic manner. One twenty-four hours. my life’s perceptual experience changed and I was influenced by my male parent who was truly worthwhile for me to esteem. I remember that twenty-four hours. I stood by the window of the eating house which is my male parent worked. My male parent was the chef’s helper in the eating house. His occupation was so difficult and he got less money. But he didn’t alter his occupation which was the lone manner to back up our household. I could see and hear clearly what happened in the eating house. The brainsick chef complained of and yelled at my male parent due to my male parent working easy because of old age and being uneducated. But my male parent didn’t say a word and he was still working at that place. After that minute. I felt ashamed of myself because I knew what was incorrect with me. I ran to the beach and sat down on the soundless beach watching the soundless sea. I thought of my male parent who was still working in the bad state of affairs and he was ever complained by the unjust grounds of the loony chef. How bad the feelings he merely got. As his girl. I besides disappointed him a batch and I could non assist him. I truly felt guilty and bad. In my father’s head. he really knew that he was an uneducated individual and he had to be responsible for his household. That’s the lone manner he could take. That’s why it was so difficult for him to alter his occupation even though he truly hated to work as the chef’s helper. But he didn’t give up. Alternatively he paid his attempt and battle in order to back up his household. As his girl. I should stand by his side to back up him and I should non let down him a batch. In my father’s head. he didn’t desire me to travel back to his same manner. He wanted me to acquire a g ood and high instruction which would do me hold a good life. From that clip. I understood the state of affairss and feelings of my male parent who was truly the greatest male parent in my life. Although. my male parent is non the richest individual in the universe. he is the greatest male parent in my life. He has influenced me to recognize that no affair how hard the life is. we have to face and accept the life’s trial and obstructions. Equally long as we are non afraid to acquire through life’s trial and obstructions. our lives will be successful and meaningful. He besides has influenced me that good and high instruction will do my life wonderful and successful instead than the material life. I am proud of my male parent who has influenced my life to be meaningful. He is the most influential individual in my life.

Sexually Transmitted Diseases

Introduction Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) may be described as the type of diseases that are typically transmitted when an infected person engages in sexual intercourse with an uninfected person. A good and very common example is gonorrhea. It is caused by a bacterium, Neisseria gonorrheae, whose growth is favorable in the warm and humid parts of the human reproductive system.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Sexually Transmitted Diseases specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In. women, the bacterium can grow in the uterus, cervix as well as the fallopian tube because these areas have favorable conditions for its growth and multiplication. In both men and women, it can grow in the urethra as well as the mouth and the anus. Gonorrhea has been a very common STD in the U.S. with an estimate of over seven hundred thousand people being infected every year with only half of the infections being reported to Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). In 1980s and early 1990s, the rate of nationwide gonorrhea infections had reduced due to the introduction of a program to control gonorrhea in the mid 1970s. However, after many years of control, the rate elevated once more with 120 infections in every 100 000 population. Transmission Gonorrhea, just like other STDs, is transmitted through sexual contact with an infected person. The transmission may occur through anal entry besides the normal vaginal entry. Transmission may as well occur from mother to child. Engaging in a sexual relationship does not, however, mean that someone will get infected but rather may get infections that are transmitted sexually such as scabies. People who have had gonorrhea and received treatment are at a higher risk of being reinfected once they have sexual intercourse. Most infections in the U.S. occur among teenagers who engage in sexual activities. Anyone that is sexually active regardless of age can as well get infected. Signs of gonorrhea Not all men will show indications of gonorrhea infection. In some other cases, the signs may only take five days to show after infection has occurred. Generally, the signs of gonorrhea infection take as long as thirty days to show. The common symptoms in men include discharges from the penis alongside a very strong feeling of heat when one is urinating as well as experiencing a lot of pain in the testicles. Others will experience frequent urination (â€Å"Sexually Transmitted Diseases† 1). Most women who are infected with gonorrhea do not show any sign at all, but in others, the symptoms are often not severe. Other infected women have non-specific symptoms that are more likely to be thought of as vaginal infections. Just like men, infect women may initially experience painful urination. Other symptoms include increased passage of fluids through the vagina, a painful abdomen and excessive discharge of blood in between menstrual periods.Advertising Looking for report on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Despite having less severe symptoms, women infected with gonorrhea are at higher risks of suffering from other diseases that are associated with gonorrhea. Both men and women may experience rectal symptoms such as anal itching, bleeding and discharge. When the throat is infected, the patient is likely to develop a sore throat. Fever may also be experienced in both infected men and women (â€Å"Gonorrhea Overview† 1). Diagnosis There are different laboratory tests for diagnosing gonorrhea besides a sexual and medical history. Samples from cervix, throat, urethra or the rectum can be obtained and analyzed in a medical laboratory. The easiest and fast laboratory test is the Gram stain test which helps in identification of the bacterium through observation under a microscope. Other tests include culture of samples and rapid test. The genital area may al so be examined by the doctor. An internal pelvic examination may also be conducted in women (â€Å"Gonorrhea Overview† 1). Treatment Both men and women who are infected with gonorrhea can be treated using antibiotics which may be administered in pill form or may be given as an injection. Some antibiotics only require a single dose to be given with only a few taking longer courses (â€Å"Gonorrhea† 1). The most common antibiotics used for treatment of gonorrhea are Ofloxacin and Cefixine. Hospitalization may be where complications have occurred especially in women who might develop pelvic inflammatory disease. It is equally important to inform the doctor or medical practitioner of a pregnancy because there are some antibiotics that should not be used by expectant mothers as well as young people below the age of eighteen years (â€Å"Sexually Transmitted Diseases† 1). Early diagnosis and treatment of gonorrhea is important in preventing other complications such as loss of fertility. The prescribed antibiotics should be taken appropriately to prevent resistance of the Neisseria gonorrheae bacterium to antibiotics. Complications associated with gonorrhea When gonorrhea is not treated early enough, the patient may suffer serious and complicated health problems. Women are more likely to experience abdominal pain and fever if the infection is not treated early enough. Its long time effect is damage of the fallopian tube and this can have adverse effects to the point of casing infertility. It also increases the chances of the patient to have an ectopic pregnancy where a fertilized egg grows outside the womb threatening the life of the mother and her unborn child (â€Å"Gonorrhea† 1). Infected men may experience pain in the ducts of testicles if the infection is not treated. If untreated, this condition may cause infertility. In some cases, gonorrhea spreads to joints and blood threatening the life of the infected person. This can happen to both men and women. People infected with gonorrhea have higher chances of contracting HIV virus as well as easily transmitting the HIV virus to other people who do not have gonorrhea (â€Å"Gonorrhea† 1). Prevention The most effective way of preventing gonorrhea infection is abstinence from sexual relationships or engaging in a monogamous sexual relationship. It is advisable for both partners to get tested to ensure that no one is infected before having an intercourse. Condoms when used appropriately can reduce the possibility of an infection.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Sexually Transmitted Diseases specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Genital symptoms, commonly discharges and painful urination, should be reported to a doctor and sexual intercourse stopped immediately. Patients that have been treated for gonorrhea should inform their sex partners so that they can assistance from a health care practition er. People that are infected with gonorrhea should not engage in any sexual relationship unless they get cured completely (â€Å"Gonorrhea† 1). As infected mothers give birth, the infection may pass to the baby as well. Conclusion Gonorrhea is a serious disease that can cause health complications which may lead to death of infected persons. It is important for sexually active individuals to take preventive measures to avoid new infections. Having only a single sex partner should be exercised to prevent infections. When initial signs appear, individuals should see a doctor to prevent development of health Works Cited Diseases and Conditions. â€Å"Gonorrhea†. 2010. Web. Gonorrhea. â€Å"Gonorrhea Overview†. 2010. Web. McHenry, Kennedy. â€Å"Sexually Transmitted Diseases.† 2010. Web. Samuelson, Javies. â€Å"Gonorrhea.† 2010. Web. Sexually Transmitted Diseases. â€Å"Gonorrhea – CDC Fact Sheet†. 2010. Web.Advertising Looking for report on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This report on Sexually Transmitted Diseases was written and submitted by user Amy Mcpherson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Best Volunteer Abroad Programs You Should Try

The Best Volunteer Abroad Programs You Should Try SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips By now you probably know that one thing colleges want to learn about you is how you spend your free time. Did you spend high school sitting around playing video games? Or did you get out, actively involve yourself in an activity and your community, and make a difference? One way of doing just that has become increasingly popular over the past several years: volunteering abroad. Read on for more on why students volunteer abroad, tips for choosing a volunteer abroad program, and our pick of some of the best volunteer abroad programs out there. Why Do Students Volunteer Abroad? There are many reasons that high school students choose to volunteer abroad. Some are looking for a unique volunteering opportunity that they think they can’t get at home. Going abroad to volunteer serves a dual purpose for many students: it allows them to combine a vacation and a little world exploration with also bettering their resumes for college. Students use volunteer abroad programs to see new cultures from the inside – or at least, from a different perspective than they would normally have on vacation sitting in a hotel room. Many volunteer abroad programs allow students to interact with (and sometimes live with) people from another culture. Students feel that this helps them develop tolerance, widen their world views, and become more independent and adventurous. Many students also like the idea that they're giving back while having fun. There are all sorts of programs out there to suit different interests: you could be working with animals, helping the environment, or teaching children how to read. It gives students a sense of accomplishment when they can actually see the difference they're making in someone else’s lives. Why not do that while also seeing a new part of the world? The Reality About Volunteer Abroad Programs Of course, many of the benefits of volunteer abroad programs can also be achieved by volunteering at home. You can still expose yourself to a new culture and learn how other people experience life. You can still make a difference that you can see every day. You’ll still be able to use your skills to make an impact in another person’s life and simultaneously build your college resume. And you can be more certain that you aren’t falling for a volunteer abroad scam that’s doing more harm than good. In fact, many colleges will look more favorably on local volunteer work than volunteering abroad. This is largely for all the reasons I stated above – colleges would rather see you volunteering because you are actually passionate about the work you are doing and the community you are helping, rather than trying to boost your resume while on vacation. But that doesn’t mean that you shouldn’t volunteer abroad. It can still be an amazing experience. But when you do it, choose a program wisely. So How Should I Choose a Program? Considering the above, there are a few rules that you should follow when choosing a volunteer abroad program. Rule 1: Be Honest with Yourself About Your Intentions Why do you really want to do this program? Is it just so that you’ll have something cool to put on your college application? Is it because you want to travel but not feel like you're wasting your time? Answering these questions honestly will keep you from wasting your money and someone else’s time. The desire to travel and learn about another culture is fantastic in and of itself. So if this is your main aim, try doing something else, like a study abroad program. It will allow you to make the most of your travel time and budget, and will also ensure that the people who go abroad to volunteer are actually interested in making an impact in their chosen projects. If you're just looking to bolster your resume, try volunteering at home. As explained above, colleges will look more highly on longer-term, local community service work, than they will on a brief project undertaken abroad. In the meantime, you’ll be saving yourself a bundle of money as well. Rule 2: Be Prepared for the Costs of the Program Volunteer abroad programs vary a lot in cost. They can range from a couple hundred dollars to several thousand. Make sure that if you do decide to spend the money on a volunteer abroad program, that it’s going to be a good use of your money. Be sure to ask yourself if you wouldn’t be better off volunteering locally and saving the money for college. Furthermore, it’s important to consider where the money is actually going in the project you're undertaking. Will most of the money be spent on transportation? On fun activities? On lining the pockets of the program coordinator? Or will it be going directly to helping a community? Most companies will not advertise these numbers publicly because they know the numbers won’t impress people. Make sure that part of your research of your programs includes calling them up and asking for this information. Once you know how much of your money will be going to the program, also ask yourself if the community would be better off if you just donated the full amount. But money isn’t the only cost of these kinds of programs. There can be large emotional tolls, as well. Are you prepared to immerse yourself in another culture? Can you adapt to extreme differences in living conditions and lifestyles? Are you a picky eater? Can you stand to be away from your family and friends for a long period of time? Can you handle interacting with people severely affected by poverty and illness? You won’t be of much use to anyone if being outside of your comfort zone is going to massively affect your productivity. So be honest with yourself before you sign up to try something as potentially challenging as one of these programs. Rule 3: Choose a Program That Will Benefit the Community This is the other side of the cost breakdown mentioned above. It’s important to understand how the money you're spending is going to help the community you will be involved in. It’s also important to understand if you're actually going to be doing work that will make a difference, or if you'll be doing work that makes you feel good but has little other real benefit. Do research and read reviews on the different programs to make sure they're legitimate and are actually helping out communities in need. Beware of volunteer abroad programs that are vacation in disguise, and those that are harmful scams. Rule 4: Choose a Program You Are Passionately Interested in If you choose a program that you're actually passionately interested in, it will usually be something that is reflected in your other interests, as well. You should try to pick a program that relates to interests that you already have, and ideally, that you have expressed elsewhere in your extracurricular activities at home. For example, say you love growing vegetables in your garden, and you're becoming increasingly interested in organic farming. A volunteer abroad program that allows you to explore your specific interest would be a good choice for you. Rule 5: Choose a Cause You Can Continue Working With Also, try to pick a program with a cause you can continue working for once you return home. Colleges want to see significant and sustained commitment to a certain area. So if you choose a volunteer abroad program that helps out endangered wildlife, follow it up by working at a local animal shelter once you get back, or become an advocate for local wildlife. Rule 6: Choose a Program That Will Challenge You Though you don’t want to aim for emotional burnout, at the same time you should choose a program that will expose you to new things, immerse you in a foreign culture, and force you to think about the world in a different way. For example, I knew several people in high school who went on youth group trips to build houses in Central America. The programs allowed them to interact almost exclusively with their friends the entire time, and exposed them very little to the local culture. At the end of the day, they had little understanding of why they were building houses, whom the houses were going to benefit, and if the work they had done had taken away potential jobs from the local community. If, in researching, the program seems to add little value to the local community and won’t allow you to get a good understanding of the problems and culture of the country you're visiting, there isn't much point in going. Instead, choose a program that will allow you to have a unique understanding of another culture, or will develop an interest in international relations or social justice. Now that you know what’s important in choosing a volunteer abroad program, here is a roundup of some of our favorites. These all cover a wide range of interests that many high school students have. They all have good programs for developing those interests, and would allow you to pursue similar volunteer work once you are back home. The Best Volunteer Abroad Programs for High School Students For students interested in sustainable living and organic farming†¦ Program Name: WWOOF: World Wide Opportunities on Organic Farms What is it? Students live with host families around the world while learning about organic lifestyles. You’ll be expected to help out in farming activities such as sowing seed, gardening, cutting wood, harvesting, wine making and cheese making for 4 – 6 hours per day in exchange for accommodation and food. Who is it for? Students who are 17 and older who are interested in organic farming and sustainable lifestyles, and also want to work and be part of a local community. Where is it? The program is worldwide! Countries throughout Europe, Africa, the Americas, and Asia participate. How long is the program? The length is negotiated directly with your host family. Stays can be as short as two weeks but can also last for several months. How much does it cost? Membership in WWOOF costs up to $72, plus the costs of traveling to your host’s location. Why do we like it? Students get complete cultural immersion through living with a host family and involving themselves in the local economy. They learn practical sustainable farming skills that they can continue to use when they're back home. How can you continue it back home? Organic farms are popping up throughout the country, and WWOOF also operates throughout the United States, which would give you ample opportunities to continue to pursue this interest once you get back. For students interested in language immersion and/or teaching English†¦ Program Name: SPI Abroad’s Costa Rica Immersion Program What is it? A chance to live in Costa Rica like a local, while getting an intensive immersion experience. You will live with a local family. Monday through Friday, students will attend level-appropriate intensive Spanish classes at a local language institute. They will also spend time 3 days per week volunteering in the local communities. Some examples of volunteer work include home repair, public works projects, working with youth, and nature preservation. Who is it for? High school students who are specifically looking for a language intensive experience. Where is it? Costa Rica How long is the program? 2 weeks or one month How much does it cost? $3,695 - $6,995 Why do we like it? Students get total cultural immersion through living with a host family. They also get the chance to further understand the culture by studying the local language. The volunteer projects are varied and can be tailored to suit students’ individual interests. How can you continue it back home? You can continue volunteering while using your Spanish skills. Many non-profits needs volunteers with language skills so that they can reach out to different underrepresented communities. Depending on the specific volunteer work you do, you may want to volunteer with youth programs or an environmental program. Program Name: Global Works France Language Immersion and Service Adventure What is it? Volunteers spend their time working with local French teens on volunteer projects, such as restoring the grounds of an 11th-century castle, helping maintain migration routes, and teaching English at summer camps. Students will have the opportunity for a 10-day homestay with a French family to complete the immersion experience. There are also many opportunities to learn about French culture. Who is it for? Students grades 9 – 12 who want a French immersion experience. Where is it? France How long is the program? 4 weeks How much does it cost? $6,995 Why do we like it? Students get to mingle with local teens, which is one of the most effective ways of getting to understand a new culture. They can further the cultural immersion through homestays with family. The volunteer projects are undertaken in collaboration with like-minded local students. How can you continue it back home? You can continue volunteering while using your French skills. Many non-profits need volunteers with language skills so that they can reach out to different underrepresented communities. You can volunteer locally to help preserve local cultural artifacts. You can also consider tutoring French. Program Name: Broad Reach West Indies French Immersion What is it? An intensive language immersion program on an island where English isn't spoken. You will take French classes in a language school, have a homestay with a local family, and do community service such as cultural exchange with local students, working in the local youth group â€Å"Ka zot ka fe†, and helping teach key English phrases to local workers. Who is it for? Grades 9 – 11 with at least one year of high school level French. Where is it? Several islands in the French West Indies How long is the program? 3 weeks How much does it cost? $5,980 Why do we like it? Students get opportunities for cultural and language immersion through classes and a homestay. Students help open up new business opportunities for local business owners by helping them to learn business English. How can you continue it back home? You can continue volunteering while using your French skills. Many non-profits need volunteers with language skills so that they can reach out to different underrepresented communities. You should also consider tutoring French and working in a local youth group. For students interested in sports†¦ Program Name: UVolunteer Teaching Sports in Thailand What is it? Many schools in Thailand can’t afford to have PE programs. You’ll be working in elementary schools and high schools in Trat as a PE coach. If you're interested in a certain sport, you can teach that, or you can teach general PE classes to help kids learn about teamwork and physical fitness. Who is it for? Teens aged 17 and older. Where is it? Thailand How long is the program? 2 weeks or more How much does it cost? $685 + Why do we like it? Students live in a small dorm in the middle of a Thai community out of the way of tourist areas. Students report being able to spend extensive time getting to know the groups of local families that surround them, which leads to great cultural immersion. Students get to interact daily with teachers and students, so they can experience first-hand the educational system of another country. How can you continue it back home? Continue volunteering in sports by coaching a youth sports team in your community or at your old grade school. For students interested in wildlife conservation†¦ Program Name: Go Eco What is it? GoEco was founded by experienced volunteers to give students opportunities to volunteer worldwide to help the environment and wildlife. Some trips include working in an elephant village in Thailand, working for Great White Shark conservation in South Africa, and an African wildlife rehabilitation center in Zimbabwe. Who is it for? Teens and others interested in working to help the environment. Where is it? Worldwide. How long is the program? Programs range from 2 to 12 weeks. How much does it cost? Programs start at $550. Why do we like it? Many of the programs start with a language-learning program, which allows volunteers to get more fully immersed with the local culture once the program begins. Many of the programs partner with local conservation groups so that students are working alongside locals to help fulfill their goals. How can you continue it back home? There are a lot of opportunities to get involved cleaning up your communities, raising awareness about eco-friendly practices, or working to help local animals at shelters. Program Name: GVI Greece Marine Conservation Awareness What is it? Join a group of international volunteers as they work to conserve endangered loggerhead turtles that live in the sands of Greek beaches. You’ll get to do various conservation projects, such as recording nesting activity, protecting hatchlings, and raising awareness. Who is it for? This program is specifically aimed at students aged 15 – 17. Where is it? Greece. How long is the program? 2 – 4 weeks How much does it cost? From $3,390. Why do we like it? Volunteers report a rigorous schedule of science lectures and conservation activities, from which they are able to see immediate and large results. Though working with an international group, volunteers also get to visit small local towns to interact with locals and get cultural immersion. How can you continue it back home? There are a lot of opportunities to get involved cleaning up your communities, raising awareness about eco-friendly practices, or working to help local animals at shelters. For students interested in art†¦ Program Name: Art Relief International What is it? Art Relief International works with struggling people in Chiang Mai, Thailand, by offering them the means to express themselves through art. Volunteers from a range of backgrounds help out with constructing new art projects, writing to donors, and working with the local community on art projects. Who is it for? People of all ages who are interested in art, art therapy, music, writing, teaching, graphic design, and fundraising. Where is it? Thailand How long is the program? You should plan to spend at least three weeks. How much does it cost? From $1,799. Why do we like it? Volunteers work closely with local community partners to create workshops and learn to communicate while lacking a common language. The focus is on doing work that benefits local non-profit organizations and collaborating with them to make long-term programs that they can continue using once the volunteers have left. How can you continue it back home? Take this as an opportunity to develop your artistic and leadership skills, and then bring that back to your home community. See if you can worked with disadvantaged groups or local youth groups to help people express themselves through art or music. For students interested in law and business†¦ Program Name: Law Business in China for Teens What is it? You will be given an overview of the Chinese legal system, and then spend your time visiting law firms and legal departments. Help research case studies, proofread documents, and increase cultural understanding. Who is it for? Teens aged 16 – 19 with an interest in law Where is it? Chengdu, China How long is the program? 2 weeks How much does it cost? $3,270 Why do we like it? Students get to work alongside local professionals, which allows for great cultural exchange. The work students do is directly applicable to careers they can pursue in the future. How can you continue it back home? Volunteer with a non-profit’s legal team to see how law can be used to make a positive impact in your own community. Program Name: Human Rights in South Africa for Teens What is it? Spend two weeks in South Africa living with a host family and working with locals in townships, while learning about how their lives are affected by poverty, crime, and racism. Work with local civil rights activists to learn about how they have solved problems in the past and discuss how to address continuing social justice issues. Who is it for? Students ages 16 – 19 who are considering a career in human rights Where is it? Cape Town, South Africa How long is the program? 2 weeks How much does it cost? $3,445 Why do we like it? Students get to work alongside local professionals, which allows for great cultural exchange. The work students do is directly applicable to careers they can pursue in the future. How can you continue it back home? Volunteer with a local non-profit that is committed to solving community problems like racism and poverty. For students interested in public health and medicine†¦ Program Name: Broad Reach Belize Wilderness Emergency Medicine What is it? Students will be trained and receive certification as a Wilderness First Responder and also get CPR certification. The courses will count towards 3 college credits in health science. Afterwards, you will work with La Loma Luz Hospital and the local communities on educational campaigns and other work such as assisting with medical paperwork, taking blood pressure and other vitals, and creating a week-long health campaign. Who is it for? Students grades 10 – 12 with an interest in medicine. Students must be over the age of 16. Where is it? Belize How long is the program? 22 days How much does it cost? $5,480 Why do we like it? Students get to work alongside local professionals, which allows for great cultural exchange. The work students do is directly applicable to careers they can pursue in the future, and the skills learned are easily transferred to volunteer projects back home. How can you continue it back home? Consider volunteering in a local hospital or a free health clinic to continue to provide necessary services to people who can least afford them. Program Name: Public Health in Tanzania for Teens What is it? Learn about public healthcare in a developing country. You will spend your time doing medical outreach work alongside local doctors and nurses, such as educating children in orphanages about the importance of washing their hands. You will also be able to assist doctors where possible. Who is it for? Teens ages 16 - 19 Where is it? Arusha, Tanzania How long is the program? 2 weeks How much does it cost? $2,970 Why do we like it? Students get to work alongside local professionals, which allows for great cultural exchange. The work students do is directly applicable to careers they can pursue in the future, and the skills learned are easily transferred to volunteer projects back home. How can you continue it back home? Consider volunteering in a local hospital or a free health clinic to continue to provide necessary services to people who can least afford them. For students interested in journalism†¦ Program Name: GLA Photography and Journalism Program What is it? GLA (Global Leadership Adventures) is developing a program for students who dream of one day working for National Geographic or a similar publication and who want to get real experience in how journalism can shape international perceptions. GLA operates their programs in non-tourist areas of developing countries. Who is it for? High school students interested in journalism Where is it? Worldwide How long is the program? The programs usually range between one and six weeks. How much does it cost? Programs start around $3,400 Why do we like it? Though the program is still in development, GLA has a strong reputation for placing students in non-touristy villages where they get large exposure to local culture and are able to work closely with staff members from their host country. GLA also has a unique leadership mentoring program, which pushes students to reflect on how they can use the skills they have learned to continue making a difference once they return home. How can you continue it back home? Get involved in your school or community newspaper. For students interested in archaeology†¦ Program Name: Archaeology in Romania for Teens What is it? Work at a classical archaeological site in Brasov, Romania. You’ll spend time doing excavations, analyzing findings, attending workshops, and conducting presentations. Who is it for? Teens 16 – 19 years old who have an interest in Eastern Europe, classical civilizations, and history. Where is it? Romania How long is the program? 2 weeks How much does it cost? $3,445 Why do we like it? Projects Abroad allows volunteers to stay with host families for cultural immersion while learning practical excavation, analysis and reporting skills that they can use in future jobs. The money paid for the project goes towards making sustainable long-term conservation and community service projects around the world. How can you continue it back home? Consider volunteering with a museum if you're interested in history and learning about past civilizations. You can also start showing interest in your studies (such as taking Latin classes). Program Name: Inca Projects and Archaeology in Peru for Teens What is it? Work outdoors on archaeological activities in the Inca’s Sacred Valley of Peru. You’ll be working with local archaeological experts to help uncover Incan ruins, and will also help run community projects with the other volunteers. Who is it for? Teens aged 16 – 19. Where is it? Peru How long is the program? 2 weeks How much does it cost? $2,970 Why do we like it? Projects Abroad allows volunteers to stay with host families for cultural immersion while learning practical excavation, analysis and reporting skills that they can use in future jobs. The money paid for the project goes towards making sustainable long-term conservation and community service projects around the world. How can you continue it back home? Consider volunteering in a museum. Depending on where you live, some museums may have volunteer positions that will allow you to continue studying Native American cultures. Review: How to Find the Right Program for You Don’t see something on this list that speaks to your interests? Try searching online for programs that relate to something you're passionate about. There are hundreds of volunteer abroad programs, and chances are good that there will be one that will allow you to develop one of your passions. Remember the key things to look out for when you're choosing a program: Understand where the money will be going and how you will be benefiting the local community Choose something that will allow you to pursue a passion or academic interest Find a program that will let you work in an area that you can continue working in back home Try something that will challenge you to learn and grow A bit of research and review reading should let you know if you've found a volunteer abroad program that’s worth pursuing. What’s Next? Not sure if volunteering abroad is for you? Check out our article on the benefits of volunteering abroad. If you’re interested in something more local, check out the 9 best places to do community service. Already volunteered? Read this guide to how to get a good community service letter. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Non-financial risk management for Police Force Dissertation

Non-financial risk management for Police Force - Dissertation Example Thus, risk management as a process â€Å"that can be used to identify potential risks and liabilities that could result in some kind of loss for both public and private sector organizations† (Cukier et al. 2009: p.1) should be understood as an integral part of police accountability. Risk management helps to provide more effective governance and internal control, to reduce insurance and other costs, to ensure a safer working environment. Although the risk management issues are increasingly emerging in agendas of police agencies, Cukier et al. (2009), consider that today risk management in the police services remains a relatively new discipline; different police agencies implement processes and tools in significantly different ways, they even use different terminology and vocabularies for the same things. This document presents a proposal for a piece of research which is aimed to analyse existing methods, procedures and processes of non-financial risk management in the police fo rce agencies; to identify best practices; and to develop and implement such risk management framework for a police force to become the best police force in the world. We hope that our study will play a significant role in improvement of the management and functioning of police force agencies and will make a contribution in positive changes in the system of the world security at a whole. 2. Background Risk is generally understood as â€Å"the chance of something happening that will have an impact on objectives† (OMBC 2007: p. 5) or â€Å"a condition, trend or event that may adversely impact the achievement of Service or Unit objectives† (Cukier et al. 2009: p.7). The impact may be both positive (when it brings an opportunity or a good chance) and negative (when it brings a hazard or a threat). So risk is always characterised by three major elements: an event, which can happen in relation to an object; a consequence of this event; and the impact, which this consequence h as on the object. When a risk is being assessed, it is also important to take into consideration the likelihood of the event. In business, risk management (i.e. recognising, identifying and assessing of risks) is considered as an essential positive aspect of a corporate culture. It helps managers to realise supposed risks and to consider them in performing day-to-day tasks, ensuring that either opportunities will be captured and used (in a case of a positive impact) or threats will be mitigated and eliminated (in a case of a negative impact). Archbold (2005) adds that risk management implies the protection of physical, human and financial assets. From the perspective of employees, risk management ensures safer working environment and improved conditions of work. Risk management can be generally defined as â€Å"a systematic, cyclical process to set the best course of action, under uncertainty, by identifying, assessing, mitigating, monitoring and communicating risk† (Cukier e t al. 2009: p.7). Many police force professionals and experts agree that today risk management is crucial for police agencies. As the work and role of police officers differ from other professions, mission of risk management in

Aviation Safety Program Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Aviation Safety Program - Essay Example The security blunder that took thousands of lives on that fateful day is still a cause for debate. How could a few terrorists manage to walk through security, and after hijacking the planes, crash them into prominent, high-security areas in New York and Washington D.C This security lapse may well go down in history as the biggest human error to be recorded in the modern times. The airport security got it all wrong. This factor is applicable to other fields as well. The risk of deliberate acts of terrorism, sabotage, vandalism and theft can cause the release of highly hazardous chemicals and biological gases from a process facility. This could have severs repercussion. Unless managed properly, the result could have catastrophic impact on civilization. The risk from such acts must be assessed to determine if existing security measures and safeguards are adequate or need improvement. Risk assessment is the heart of a security program (Human Factors and Human Error Analysis, http://www.primatech.com/consulting/services/human_factors_and_human_error_analysis.htm) People are key components of the process. They are involved in process design, production, operation, maintenance, and security. No step in the process life cycle is complete without some human involvement. Also, processes are generally not well-protected from human errors since many safeguards are directly focused on equipment failure. This is evidenced by the number of major accidents that have been attributed to this cause. Aviation is no different. Technical flaws, mechanical malfunctions, security lapses, and human error have all been attributed to aviation accidents. The human factor is perhaps the major cause for concern in safety procedures. It is vital that the factors influencing the likelihood of errors be identified and assessed to determine where, and if improvements in design of a process are needed. Surprising but true, human factor is most poorly understood in safety management. However, the standards from regulatory agencies and industry groups have underscored the importance of addressing human factors in process safety and risk management programs. This is motivating more companies to evaluate and address human factors issues in their facilities. Improving the human factors design of a process can produce not only improvements in safety, but also gains in quality, productivity and job satisfaction (Human Factors and Human Error Analysis, http://www.primatech.com/consulting/services/human_factors_and_human_error_analysis.htm) 2.0 Introduction "The Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS), is a general human error framework developed and tested within the U.S. military as a tool for investigating and analyzing the human causes of aviation accidents. Based on Reason's (1990) model of latent and active failures, HFACS addresses human error at all levels of the system, including the condition of aircrew and organizational factors. This was used to analyze human error data associated with commercial aviation accidents that occurred between

Case Study: Goal Orientated Counselling Treatment

Case Study: Goal Orientated Counselling Treatment Case Study Scenario #1 Angela Townsend Scenario Mario is an illegal alien from Mexico. He has lived in the U.S. for five years and worked various construction jobs in the South. Mario’s family stayed behind in Mexico so he struggles with loneliness and has a poor social network except for an outreach ministry at a local Catholic Church. Mario was pulled over and charged with a DUI. He was sent to your agency for mandatory counseling in addition to attending a drug treatment support group like Alcoholics Anonymous. Personal Information In counseling, the first session is very important. As a counselor, it is important to collect as much information from the client as possible. The initial intake with Mario will take about an hour to gather as much about his background and personal information. Also, I would like to get family history, his educational background, any work skills, as well as his current living conditions in order to begin forming his taxonomy needs. The case clearly reveals that Mario now lives in United States away from family for the past five years and worked at various construction jobs. According to Mario, his family stayed in Mexico and he is struggling with loneliness not being with his family. I want to learn as much about Mario as possible to give him the best possible solution to his situation. Utilizing Maslow’s hierarchy of needs as a premise for disclosure, I can construct needs evaluation that arranges needs as far as characteristic, extraneous, and significance (Maslow, 1943). By evaluating Mario’s needs against Maslow’s hierarchy, I can start finding what is inadequate in Mario’s life which has made the issues he is encountering. Case in point, being isolated from his family is belonging need. Everyone has a need of belonging and this is a physical interconnected need. A need to get affection and recognition as well as being wanted as a person (Maslow, 1943). Based on the information, it seems that this need is not being met, it is showing in his conduct and actions. Personal Biases and Limitations In Mario case study, I would need to consider my own predispositions and restrictions carefully. It is very crucial for a counselor to be as honest as possible about their limitations. As a Christian, I understand the importance of taking care of our bodies according to the Word of God (I Corinthians 6:19-20, NKJV). Our bodies are the temple of God and doing harm to the body either psychically or profoundly could be harming to the soul. One of the real inclinations that I have is with the alcohol and drug addiction treatment. The major problem I have in regards to the addition treatment that people believe that the 12-Step Model does not work. It does if you work it properly. Will power alone cannot do it. This program is based on Christian concepts, even though there is a failure rate in this program, but I do believe it will work for Mario if he allows it to. One thing I do not like is that alcohol and drug addiction is called a disease in which it is not. It is a choice that peopl e make. In this world, we are given choices to make every day. We have the choice to do right or we have the choice to do wrong but the ultimate decision is ours. This is an addiction not a disease. A disease is inward in which sometimes you did not have a choice such as breast cancer. A person did not make a choice to have breast cancer. Drinking alcohol is outward; it is a choice a person makes. It takes faith to be delivered from alcohol and drugs. I tend to believe that people with alcohol or drug problem are more responsible for their condition. No one can want recovery for them. The person must want it and be willing to do what is necessary to heal. When counseling clients, it is important for me to inform my clients of my personal core values and beliefs about my faith in God giving the client the information to make an informed decision to continue counseling sessions Goals Goals should be attainable in Mario’s case. Mario reports of loneliness because not being with his family. He also has poor social skills. He is not a citizen of the United States and have worked various construction jobs. There are several goals that can be implemented for him to achieve. The first thing for him is to do is attend an AA meeting group, which is required by the court for alcohol and drug treatment. I believe signing up for the Alcoholics Anonymous 12-step program will not only help him develop other relationships but also help him to make better decisions in life. This program will help Mario take control back in his life. The main purpose of him attending these meetings is to see that he is not alone. Loneliness is a human response to being alone because God created humans with a need for relationship. Feelings of loneliness can be helped. Lonely people can attend church (Hebrew 10:25), be a friend to someone else (Proverbs 18:24), listen to Christian music, and pray for God to wok in and through them to take away the lonely feelings. It is very important for Mario to learn how to deal with stressors. Everyone has a need of belonging. In Mario’s case, she will be encouraged to find an activity that will force her to associate with other people. The goal is to get into a situation where other people will get to know him. Since Mario is part of his local church outreach ministry, I will encourage him to get more involved and be committed to it for no less than three months if he is open to incorporating the Word of God in his life more deeply. Too many people leave friends, jobs, or organization because of being offended. I am not sure if this is the case with Mario for the reason to work at various constructions jobs. The important thing is to have a goal in mind to keep him employed. Theoretical Approach The psychodynamic approach I believe will be the most effective in Mario’s case. Mario has a few fundamental issues that are occurring which should be analyzed. Being separated from his family and disengagement from his community is one of the biggest issues. The approach of dealing with these issues Mario is facing would be to utilize journaling as a method for convey mindfulness and control to Mario’s conduct and contemplations (Howes, 2011). At the beginning of each session with me, I will have Mario record anything of significance and importance to him, positive or negative occasions or sentiments that have happened between sessions. It is imperative that Mario and I meet weekly until he accomplished his goals. I would also urge Mario to search out other support group resources because this would give him the required support he needs. Therapeutic Progress and Success The objective is for Mario to achieve his goals. When Mario get involved in a support group and get into healthy activities this should satisfy his need of belonging. All people need to feel like they belong According to Ephesians 1:4-6,which states explicitly that we are chosen for belonging with God, â€Å"just as He chose us in Him before the foundation of the world, that we should be hold and without blame before Him to love, having predestined us to adoption as sons by Jesus Christ to Himself, according to the good pleasure of His will, to the praise of the glory of His grace, by which He made us accepted in the Beloved.† The measure of this achievement is fairly subjective on the grounds that it will be based on his journaling and the assessments of his present way of life. An example, if Mario developed healthy relationships this will reflect his conduct and possibly diminish his drinking. Conclusion The issues that Mario was facing was a great negative impact on his life. Advising Mario with goal oriented counseling approach will keep him on track. Mario must make a decision to stay on track to improve his life. By doing so, he will diminish the drinking problem especially when he gets involved actively in support groups as well as his church ministry. Through regular counseling sessions with Mario, I will be in a position to develop an intervention plan that will lead him to a solid and satisfying life. References ACA Code of Ethics (2015): American Counseling Association, Alexandria, Virginia Corey, G. (2010). Theory and practice of counseling and psychotherapy. (8th ed.). Mason, OH: Cengage Learning. Howes, R. (2011, January 26). Journaling in Therapy Supersized therapy? Write on! . Retrieved from Psychology Today: http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/in-therapy/201101/journaling-in-therapy Khantzian, E. J. (1986). A contemporary psychodynamic approach to drug abuse treatment. The  American journal of drug and alcohol abuse, 12(3), 213-222. LeBeauf, I., Smaby, M., Maddux, C. (2009). Adapting Counseling Skills for Multicultural and Diverse Clients. Compelling Counseling Interventions: VISTAS , 33-42. Maslow, A. H. (1943). A Theory of Human Motivation. Retrieved June 17, 2015, from York University, Toronto, Ontario : http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Maslow/motivation.htm Schmidt, C. D. (2014). Integrating Continuous Client Feedback into Counselor Education. The Journal for Counselor Preparation and Supervision , 6 (2), 2-12. Wilson, W. (2001). Alcoholics anonymous. New York, NY: Alcoholics Anonymous World Services. Police Stop and Search Powers: Effects on Public Trust Police Stop and Search Powers: Effects on Public Trust Introduction The increased powers of stop and search afforded to the police by the Criminal Justice Act 2003 and Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE) have seriously contributed to a lack of trust and confidence in the police service, particularly among ethnic minorities. This essay will focus particularly on how the new powers have been used more extensively on ethnic minorities, which undermines trust and confidence in the police particularly among these communities but also perpetuates ideas of corruption and racism. Stop and search powers have further contributed to the notion of over policing not simply because they lead to greater police intervention in individuals lives, but because it leads to a greater influx into the process of the criminal justice system as a whole, known as attrition, especially among ethnic minorities (Home Office 1998). Stop and Search powers: historical backdrop The history of stop and search powers has provided the context for increasing mistrust of police felt by ethnic minorities and the notion of over policing. PACE was enacted to deal with problems that had resulted from a perception on the part of the public that the previous powers granted to the police to stop and search potential offenders were far too broad. These rules were known as the Judges Rules (Ormerod Hooper 2009). These rules allowed police to stop, search, and then arrest a suspicious person without and need to have obtained a prior search warrant. It is empirically difficult to say whether it was due to actual over-use, or merely a perceived increased resort to this power when police were among the black community. As a result of the powers, there were race riots throughout various parts of the United Kingdom in the early 1980s which resulted in the Judges rules being repealed. Pursuant to PACE, the law states that a police officer must have reasonable suspicion before he has the legal grounds to stop a person and search them. These practices, which confer very broad and intrusive powers, are often seen as the most glaring example of abuse of police powers. Although now under PACE 1984 a stop and search power can be carried out only when there is reasonable suspicion that stolen property or prohibited articles are being carried, the grounds for reasonable suspicion as defined in PACE are not of a very high threshold (Sprack 2008). This has been reinforced repeatedly in the case law regarding police stop and search powers under anti terrorism. Parker v Hampshire Constabulary (1999) note the suspicion must be based on reasonable grounds. Lord Devlins words, a state of conjecture or surmise. He goes on the further add In my judgment this state of mind, suspicious but uncertain, was based on reasonable grounds. The relationship between mistrust and a lack of confidence in the police and the stop and search of ethnic minorities is most keenly felt. Police data for 1999/2000 found that there was a five-fold increase stop and search used on blacks than on white including the same pattern for stops under early Prevention of Terrorism legislation. In 1997, 7% of these stops were black which is a clear example of discrimination and further creates an idea of police racism, over policing and decreases confidence in the criminal justice system overall. Even when deploying these powers outside the Terrorism Act, police intrusion and formal action remains significantly greater where the suspect is not white. More stops, more searches and more intrusive searches lead to increased suspicion. (Hayman Newburn 2001). However there are problems concerning the methodology of this research. The methodology of calculating stop and search is questionable as it can be based on outdated census figures. It is submitted that rates should be calculated on available rather than resident populations then findings for black people and ethnic minorities were mixed, both under and over represented for different localities this research emphasises the need for caution in assessing disproportionality in stop and search. For example, ethnic minorities may be subject to direct discrimination in schools and therefore be excluded, becoming unemployed and therefore more being available to be stopped and searched by the police. Clothing and hoodies and even a certain car type that can be associated with ethnicity. These all contribute to the process of criminalization which increases stop and search, which further increases distrust in the police system and over policing of deprived areas based on what is at least as sumed to be police prejudice. However the 2000 British Crime Survey (BCS) found ethnic origin only a predicator for car stops not foot stops. Clements (2006) found in London, reasonable suspicion was often absent in use of stop and search often used not for detection but for intelligence gathering used by supervisors of the metropolitan police to measure performance in that the more stop and searches conducted, the more successful arrests that will be made and a police officer will gain credit within the police as being successful. What is required is official acknowledgement that stop and search powers must be regulated to safeguard the individuals right to privacy due to the danger extent of discretion and limitations of legal regulation coupled with vague notions of reasonable suspicion. This is further exacerbated by the fact that most stop and searches occur outside the supervision of the police station. The relationship between Stop and Search, Arrest and Over policing The role of stop and search has only one role in explaining the over-representation of black people in arrest and imprisonment statistics due to the fact that only a small minority of stop and search in ethnic minorities lead to arrest. This statistic can further represent the lack of trust and over policing due to the fact that these searches are deemed as, and witnessed to be unnecessary. Undoubtedly, the police use of stop and search powers makes at least a modest contribution to over-representation of blacks in arrest population, and a significant contribution to the increased arrest statistics which further leads to a notion of over policing among black areas. This perceived abuse of stop and search and poor response to racist victimization has lead to wide ranging loss of confidence in policing and undoubtedly public perception, particularly among ethnic minorities has been harmed by these negative interactions. Arrest PACE 1984 requires that reasonable suspicion that an offence has been committed exists before an arrest is made. There was a four times greater rate of expected arrest of blacks in 1999/2000 considering their numbers in general population (particularly for robbery 28%) and arrests for asians also higher than it was for whites (again in fraud and forgery). The fact that once having been arrested and in custody, ethnic minorities tend to exercise the right to silence, opt for legal advice and deny guilt. This can cumulatively disadvantage them in the criminal process, as least punitive outcome of an arrest, a caution, can only be given if guilt is admitted. This leads to higher rates of imprisonment and an even greater perception of over policing as these people become filtered in to the Criminal justice system (Phillips and Brown 1997). Black offenders are therefore both more likely to be arrested and more likely to be held in remand. Moreover being held in remand can mean that the magistrates court is more likely to refer their case to the crown court, which instantly makes their prospective sentence more likely to be serious. This clearly shows that whatever the subjective intent of officers, there is attrition process which results in incorporating more offenders into the net of the criminal justice. Most studies on the actual sentencing of ethnic minorities suggest there is little or no difference in practice but they do not take account of the aforementioned complex process of incorporating black suspects into the system. Hoods ground-breaking study in 1992 using a different 16-point methodology showed that 503 blacks were sentenced to custody when only 479 should have been making an overall increase of 5%, which, if employed in every Crown court in the country would make for serious racist discrimination. Hoods findings have, however, been criticised by Hakevy as having a 0.7% probability that the result was random as opposed to the normally accepted figure of 0.5% which indicates that results are above the level of random coincidence. The attrition process provides further evidence of discrimination against ethnic minorities with them being filtered in to the Criminal Justice System (CJS): ethnic minorities therefore comprise only 7.3% of those arrested but make up 12.3% of those imprisoned (Hood 1992). The cyclical nature of the CJS with reoffenders, who have been in custody before receiving harsher punishments further exacerbates the racist discrimination, leading to a cumulative disadvantage on the part of minorities (Phillips and Bowling 2002). Prosecutorial Decision -Making and Sentencing The Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) potentially has the ability to divert individuals from further action after a police officer has officially charged a suspect. The CPS must consider whether there is a reasonable prospect of conviction and whether the case should proceed on public interest grounds. These grounds include the seriousness of offence and the involvement of defendant. Case Termination: A break on Criminalization? Only 2 research studies have examined whether these differ depending on ethnic origin. Phillips Brown (1997) 12% cases whites terminated compared to 20% blacks terminated and 27% against asians ethnic origin predicated an increased chance of case termination. This again reinforces that ethnic areas are being over policed, due to ingrained social ideas of racial criminality and institutional racism. It is submitted that this break should be taken note of and provides a real opportunity to change the publics view of over policing if it is used as an opportunity to decrease police stop and searches in ethnic areas. These studies raise serious questions about the use of stop and search powers in our criminal justice system as there is implied discrimination and presumption of guilt selectively applied by police. CPS break on criminalizing ethnic minorities can be explained because at this point in CJS discretion and subjectivity at minimum guided by stringent code for Crown Prosecutors. Pre-sentence processes: decision to remand or bail Remand prisoners are more likely to receive custodial sentences if found guilty cannot be presented in a positive light by smart dress or newly gained employment and unfortunately ethnic minorities are much less likely to be given bail (Hood 1992). This could merely be because ethnic minorities have an increased risk of being of no fixed abode this is apparently a neutral factor but it can still lead to the perception of over policing. The higher acquittal rates for blacks and asians, which are consistent with the case termination by CPS discussed above. This again raises questions about previous actions of police and leads to an even more entrenched mistrust of police action and allegations of over policing. Moreover pre-sentence reports where 16% written on black offenders and 11% on asians reinforced stereotypical attitudes to race. There have been documented higher rates of committal to Crown Court for ethnic minorities even before sentencing decisions are made, blacks face a m ore severe punishment than their white counterparts (Hood 1992). Sentencing Most studies suggest little or no difference exists between those from over policed areas (which tend to be areas dominated by ethnic minorities). However, these studies have a limited methodologically: it is almost empirically impossible to consider the wider range of legitimate legal factors which influence sentencing decisions, including subjective intention on the part of the judge. Hoods (1992) pioneering used 16 variables, which best predicted possibility of a sentence. 503 blacks sentenced when there should only have been 479, which was 5% greater probability of blacks being sentence: if practised in every court would show serious racial discrimination. The results of a study like this originate with over use of stop and search powers. Hoods findings provide clear evidence of discrimination which reinforces negative public opinion and mistrust of police and racially motivated over policing policies. Conclusion Over policing as in the proactive policing of areas populated by ethnic minorities does not go unnoticed and the greater use of stop and search powers creates bitterness and mistrust among these populations, which eventually undermines any positive work the police are trying to accomplish. The perception of over policing undoubtedly starts with the PACE 1984 stop and search powers, but as the offender progresses through the criminal justice system, and these powers are shown to have led to unnecessary arrests, the bitterness created by their use increases. It is difficult to think of a precise solution as the notion of reasonable suspicion, although an objective one in legal terms, is necessarily employed by the police based on their subjective judgment, which as a result of social factors and institutional racism, appears to be geared towards searching ethnic minorities. Mistrust is a two-way street and perhaps even contributes to increased criminality.